Encyclopedia - Modern European History and Culture

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émigré nobility Inönü, Ismet Aberdeen, George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th earl of Action Française Acton (of Aldenham), John Emerich Edward Dahlberg Acton, 1st Baron Adams, Gerry Adenauer, Konrad Aehrenthal, Aloys, Count Lexa von Affair of the Diamond Necklace agricultural revolution Aix-la-Chapelle, Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, Treaty of Alanbrooke (of Brookeborough), Alan Francis Brooke, 1st Viscount Alba, Fernando Álvarez de Toledo (y Pimentel), 3rd duke de Albert I Albert, prince consort of Great Britain and Ireland Albuquerque, Afonso de Alcalá Zamora, Niceto Alexander I Alexander I

Alexander II Alexander III Alexander, Harold (Rupert Leofric George) Alexander, 1st Earl Alexandra Alexis Alfonso XII Alfonso XIII Algeciras Conference Algerian War Allenby (of Megiddo and of Felixstowe), Edmund Henry Hynman Allenby, 1st Viscount Allied Powers Alvarado, Pedro de Amherst, Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amiens, Treaty of Amundsen, Roald (Engelbregt Gravning) Anastasia ancien régime Andrássy Gyula, Count Andropov, Yury (Vladimirovich) Anglo-Dutch Wars

Anglo-German Naval Agreement Anglo-Japanese Alliance Anglo-Russian Entente Anna (Ivanovna) Anne Anne Boleyn Anne of Austria Anne of Brittany Anne of Cleves Anschluss Anti-Comintern Pact Anti-Corn Law League anti-Semitism Antonescu, Ion April Theses Arakcheyev, Aleksey (Andreyevich), Count Armada, Spanish Armistice Asquith, H(erbert) H(enry), 1st earl of Oxford and Asquith Atlantic Charter

Atlantic, Battle of the Attlee, Clement (Richard), 1st Earl Attlee of Walthamstow Augsburg, League of Augsburg, Peace of Augustus II Augustus III Auschwitz Austerlitz, Battle of Australian Aborigine Austrian Netherlands Austrian Succession, War of the Austro-German Alliance Axis Powers Azaña (y Díaz), Manuel Bülow, Bernhard (Heinrich Martin Karl), prince von Baader-Meinhof Gang Babeuf, François-Noël Babington, Anthony Baby Yar Bach, Alexander, baron von

Baden-Powell (of Gilwell), Robert Stephenson Smyth, 1st Baron Badoglio, Pietro Bailly, Jean-Sylvain Bakewell, Robert Bakunin, Mikhail (Aleksandrovich) Balaklava, Battle of Balbo, Italo Balboa, Vasco Núñez de Baldwin (of Bewdley), Stanley Baldwin, 1st Earl Balfour (of Whittingehame), Arthur James, 1st Earl Balkan League Balkan Wars Ballot Act Barbie, Klaus Barclay de Tolly, Mikhail (Bogdanovich), Prince baron baronet Barrès, (Auguste-) Maurice Barras, Paul-François-Jean-Nicolas, viscount de Barry, (Marie-) Jeanne Bécu, countess du

Barthou, (Jean-) Louis Basque Bastille Batavian Republic Battenberg family Baudouin I Bavarian Succession, War of the Beatrix (Wilhelmina Armgard) Beauharnais, (Eugénie-) Hortense de Beauharnais, Alexandre, viscount de Beauharnais, Eugène de Bebel, August Beccaria, Cesare Beck, Ludwig Beer Hall Putsch Belgrade, Peace of Belinsky, Vissarion (Grigoryevich) Beneš, Edvard Benedict XIV Benedict XV

Benelux Economic Union Bentinck, William (Henry Cavendish), Lord Berchtold, Leopold, count von Bergen-Belsen Beria, Lavrenty (Pavlovich) Bering, Vitus (Jonassen) Berlin Wall Berlin, Congress of Berlinguer, Enrico Berlusconi, Silvio Bernadotte (af Wisborg), Folke, Count Bernhard Bernhardi, Friedrich von Bernstein, Eduard Bernstorff, Johann-Heinrich, count von Berry, Jean de France, duke de Berry, Jean de France, duke de Besant, Annie Bethmann Hollweg, Theobald von Beust, Friedrich Ferdinand, count von

Bevan, Aneurin Beveridge (of Tuggal), William Henry, 1st Baron Bevin, Ernest Bidault, Georges (-Augustin) Bill of Rights Birkenhead, Frederick Edwin Smith, 1st earl of Bismarck, Otto (Eduard Leopold), prince von Blücher, Gebhard Leberecht von, prince von Wahlstatt Black and Tan Black Hand Blackbeard Blackshirts Blair, Tony Blanc, (Jean-Joseph-Charles-) Louis Blanqui, (Louis–) Auguste Blenheim, Battle of Bligh, William blitzkrieg Bloc National Bloody Sunday

Blum, Léon Blunt, Anthony (Frederick) Bolingbroke, Henry Saint John, 1st Viscount Bonaparte, (Marie-) Pauline Bonaparte, (Marie-Annonciade-) Caroline Bonaparte, Jérôme Bonaparte, Joseph Bonaparte, Louis Bonaparte, Lucien Bonnet, Georges-Étienne Booth, William Borghese family Borgia, Lucrezia Bormann, Martin Borodin, Mikhail (Markovich) Borodino, Battle of Bosnian conflict Bosnian crisis Bossuet, Jacques-Bénigne Boulanger, Georges (-Ernest-Jean-Marie)

Bourbon Restoration Bourbon, House of Bourgeois, Léon (-Victor-Auguste) Boyne, Battle of the Brüning, Heinrich Brandt, Willy Brauchitsch, (Heinrich Alfred) Walther von Braun, Eva Breda, Declaration of Breshkovsky, Catherine Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of Brezhnev, Leonid (Ilich) Briand, Aristide Bright, John Brissot (de Warville), Jacques-Pierre Britain, Battle of British North America Act Broglie family Brumaire, Coup of 18–19 Brummell, Beau

Brundtland, Gro Harlem Brusilov, Aleksey (Alekseyevich) Brussels Treaty Bucharest, Treaty of Buchenwald Buckingham, 1st duke of Buckingham, 2nd duke of Budenny, Semyon (Mikhaylovich) Bukharin, Nikolay (Ivanovich) Bulganin, Nikolay (Aleksandrovich) Bulgarian Horrors Bulge, Battle of the Bulwer, Sir (William) Henry Lytton (Earle) Bunau-Varilla, Philippe (-Jean) Burgess, Guy (Francis de Moncy) Burschenschaft Bute, John Stuart, 3rd earl of Butler, R(ichard) A(usten), baron of Saffron Walden Cabeza de Vaca, Álvar Núñez Cabot, John

Cabot, Sebastian Cadogan, William, 1st Earl Caillaux, Joseph (-Marie-Auguste) Cairo conferences Callaghan (of Cardiff), (Leonard) James Callaghan, Baron Calonne, Charles-Alexandre de Cambon, (Pierre-) Paul Cambrai, League of Cambrai, Treaty of Camisards Campbell family Campbell-Bannerman, Sir Henry Campo Formio, Treaty of Canaris, Wilhelm (Franz) Canning, George Canning, Stratford, Viscount Stratford (of Redcliffe) Caporetto, Battle of Caprivi, (Georg) Leo, count von Carbonari Cardigan, James Thomas Brudenell, 7th earl of

Carl XVI Gustaf Carlism Carlowitz, Treaty of Carlsbad Decrees Carmona, António Oscar de Fragoso Carnot, (Marie-François-) Sadi Carnot, Lazare (-Nicolas-Marguerite) Carol I Carol II Carson (of Duncairn), Edward Henry, Baron Cartel des Gauches Carteret, Sir George Cartier, Jacques Casablanca Conference Casement, Sir Roger (David) Castlereagh, Robert Stewart, Viscount Cateau-Cambrésis, Treaty of Catherine de Médicis Catherine Howard Catherine I

Catherine II Catherine of Aragon Catherine of Braganza Catherine Parr Catholic Emancipation Catholic League Caulaincourt, Armand (-Augustin-Louis), marquis de Cavaignac, Louis-Eugène Cavalier Cavell, Edith (Louisa) Cavour, Camillo Benso, count di Ceausescu, Nicolae Cecil (of Chelwood), (Edgar Algernon) Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil, Robert, 1st earl of Salisbury Cecil, William, 1st Baron Burghley Center Party Central Powers Chaadayev, Pyotr (Yakovlevich) Chamberlain, (Arthur) Neville Chamberlain, Houston Stewart

Chamberlain, Joseph Chamberlain, Sir (Joseph) Austen Chambord, Henri Dieudonné d'Artois, count de Champlain, Samuel de Charles (Philip Arthur George), prince of Wales Charles Albert Charles Edward, the Young Pretender Charles I Charles I Charles II Charles II Charles III Charles III Charles IV Charles IX Charles IX Charles V Charles VI Charles VII Charles VII

Charles VIII Charles X Charles X Gustav Charles XI Charles XII Charles XIII Charles XIV John Charlotte Charter of 1814 chartered company Chartism Chaumette, Pierre-Gaspard Chaumont, Treaty of Chautemps, Camille Chelmsford (of Chelmsford), Frederic John Napier Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chernenko, Konstantin (Ustinovich) Chernobyl accident Chernov, Viktor (Mikhaylovich) Chernyshevsky, N(ikolay) G(avrilovich) Chevreuse, Marie de Rohan-Montbazon, duchess de

Chicherin, Georgy (Vasilyevich) Chirac, Jacques (René) Choiseul, Étienne-François de Choiseul, duke de Christian Democracy Christian Democratic Union (CDU) Christian II Christian III Christian IV Christian IX Christian Social Union (CSU) Christian X Christina Chuikov, Vasily (Ivanovich) Churchill, Randolph (Henry Spencer), Lord Churchill, Sir Winston (Leonard Spencer) Ciano, Galeazzo, count di Cortellazzo Civil Constitution of the Clergy Clarendon Code Clarendon, Edward Hyde, 1st earl of Clarendon, George William Frederick Villiers, 4th earl of

Clark, Helen Clemenceau, Georges Clive (of Plassey), Robert, 1st Baron Cobbett, William Cobden, Richard Colbert, Jean-Baptiste Cold War Colet, John Coligny, Gaspard II de, lord de Châtillon collective farm Collins, Michael Columbus, Christopher Combes, (Justin-Louis-) Émile Combination Acts Cominform Comintern Commercial Revolution Committee of Public Safety Commonwealth Commonwealth of Independent States

Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) Compromise of 1867 Concert of Europe Concordat of 1801 Condé family Condé, Louis II de Bourbon, 4th prince de Condorcet, Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas de Caritat, marquis de Confederation of the Rhine Confessing Church Conrad von Hötzendorf, Franz (Xaver Josef), Count Conservative Party Constantine I Constantine II Constitution of 1791 Constitution of 1795 (Year III) Constitution of the Year VIII Constitutional Democratic Party Constitutional Laws of 1875 Consulate Conti family

Continental System Cook, James Cook, Thomas Cooper, Alfred Duff, 1st Viscount Norwich of Aldwick Copenhagen, Battle of Corday (d'Armont), (Marie-Anne-) Charlotte Cordeliers Club Corfu incident Corn Laws corvée Cosgrave, William Thomas Cosimo I Cossacks Council for Mutual Economic Assistance count Craxi, Bettino Crimean War Cripps, Sir (Richard) Stafford Crispi, Francesco Croix de Feu

Cromer, Evelyn Baring, 1st earl of Cromwell, Oliver Cromwell, Richard Cromwell, Thomas, earl of Essex Crowe, Sir Eyre (Alexander Barby Wichart) Culloden, Battle of Cunard, Sir Samuel, 1st Baronet Cuno, Wilhelm (Carl Josef) Curzon Line Custoza, Battles of Cyrano de Bergerac, Savinien Czartoryski family Déroulède, Paul détente Dönitz, Karl Dachau Daladier, Édouard Dalhousie, James Andrew Broun Ramsay, marquess of Dampier, William Danilevsky, Nikolay (Yakovlevich)

Danton, Georges (-Jacques) Dardanelles Campaign Darlan, (Jean-Louis-Xavier-) François Darnley, Henry Stewart, Lord Davout, Louis-Nicolas, Prince d'Eckmühl Dawes Plan De Gasperi, Alcide de Gaulle, Charles (-André-Marie-Joseph) de Valera, Eamon Deák, Ferenc Debré, Michel (-Jean-Pierre) Decembrist revolt Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen Delcassé, Théophile Delors, Jacques (Lucien Jean) Democrats of the Left (DS) Denikin, Anton (Ivanovich) Depretis, Agostino Derby, Edward (George Geoffrey Smith) Stanley, 14th earl of Desmoulins, (Lucie-Simplice-) Camille (-Benoist)

Devolution, War of Diana, princess of Wales Diane de France, duchess de Montmorency and Angoulême Diane de Poitiers, duchess de Valentinois Dias, Bartolomeu Diemen, Anthony van Dilke, Sir Charles Wentworth, 2nd Baronet Dimitrov, Georgi (Mikhailovich) Directory Disraeli, Benjamin, earl of Beaconsfield Djilas, Milovan Dmitry, False Doctors Without Borders Doctors' Plot Dollfuss, Engelbert Don Pacifico Affair Doria, Andrea Douglas-Home, Sir Alec Dover, Treaty of Drake, Sir Francis

Dreyfus, Alfred Dubcek, Alexander duke Dunant, (Jean-) Henri Dunkirk Evacuation Dzerzhinsky, Feliks (Edmundovich) East India Co. East India Co., Dutch East India Co., French Easter Rising Ebert, Friedrich Ecevit, Bülent Eden, (Robert) Anthony, 1st earl of Avon Edirne, Treaty of Edward IV Edward the Black Prince Edward VI Edward VII Edward VIII Eichmann, (Karl) Adolf

Einaudi, Luigi Eisner, Kurt El Alamein, Battles of elector Eliot, John Elizabeth Elizabeth Elizabeth Elizabeth I Elizabeth II Emancipation, Edict of Ems Telegram Enabling Act enclosure movement Encyclopédie Engels, Friedrich English Civil Wars Enlightenment Entente Cordiale Erasmus, Desiderius

Erhard, Ludwig Erzberger, Matthias Espartero, Baldomero, prince de Vergara Essex, Robert Devereux, 2nd earl of Essex, Robert Devereux, 3rd earl of Essex, Walter Devereux, 1st earl of Este family Esterházy family Eugénie Eugene of Savoy Eurocommunism Europe, Council of European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) European Community (EC) European Defense Community (EDC) European Economic Community (EEC) European Free Trade Association (EFTA) European Union (EU) Fabian Society

Fairfax (of Cameron), Thomas Fairfax, 3rd Baron Falange Falloux Law Fanfani, Amintore Farnese family Farnese, Alessandro, duke di Parma and Piacenza Farouk I Faulhaber, Michael von Faure, (François-) Félix Fawkes, Guy February Revolution Fenian movement Ferdinand Ferdinand (Karl Leopold Maria) Ferdinand I Ferdinand I Ferdinand II Ferdinand II Ferdinand III Ferdinand VI

Ferdinand VII Ferry, Jules (-François-Camille) Feuillants Club Fianna Fáil Field of Cloth of Gold Fifth Republic Fine Gael Finnbogadóttir, Vigdís First International Fisher (of Kilverstone), John Arbuthnot Fisher, 1st Baron Fiume question Five-Year Plans Flandin, Pierre-Étienne Fleury, André-Hercule de Flinders, Matthew Flodden, Battle of Foch, Ferdinand Foot, Michael Foreign Ministers, Council of Fouché, Joseph, duke d'Otrante

Fouquet, Nicolas Fourier, (François-Marie-) Charles Fourth Republic Fox, Charles James Francis Ferdinand Francis I Francis I Francis II Francis II Francis II Francis Joseph Franco, Francisco Franco-Prussian War Franco-Russian Alliance Frankfurt National Assembly Frederick Henry Frederick I Frederick II Frederick III Frederick V

Frederick VII Frederick William Frederick William I Frederick William II Frederick William III Frederick William IV Free Democratic Party (FDP) Free French Freikorps French Communist Party French Community French republican calendar French Revolution French Revolutionary Wars French Union French, John (Denton Pinkstone), 1st earl of Ypres Friedland, Battle of Frobisher, Sir Martin Fronde, the Frontenac, Louis de Buade, count de Palluau and de

Fructidor, Coup of 18 Frunze, Mikhail (Vasilyevich) Fuchs, (Emil) Klaus (Julius) Fyodor I Fyodor II Fyodor III Gálvez, José, marquess de la Sonora Göring, Hermann Gafencu, Grigore Gaitskell, Hugh (Todd Naylor) Galland, Adolf (Joseph Ferdinand) Gallieni, Joseph Simon Gama, Vasco da, 1st count da Vidigueira Gambetta, Léon Gamelin, Maurice (-Gustave) Garibaldi, Giuseppe Gastein, Convention of Geneva Protocol Geneva Summit Genoa, Conference of

Gentile, Giovanni Gentz, Friedrich George I George I George II George II George III George IV George V George VI German Confederation German National People's Party German People's Party (DVP) Gestapo Ghent, Pacification of Gheorghiu-Dej, Gheorghe Giers, Nikolay (Karlovich) Gil Robles (y Quinoñes), José María Gilbert, Sir Humphrey Gioberti, Vincenzo

Giolitti, Giovanni Giraud, Henri (-Honoré) Girondin Giscard d'Estaing, Valéry Gladstone, William E(wart) glasnost Glorious Revolution Gneisenau, August (Wilhelm Anton), Count Neidhardt von Gobineau, Joseph-Arthur, count de Godiva, Lady Godoy, Manuel de Godunov, Boris (Fyodorovich) Goebbels, (Paul) Joseph Goerdeler, Karl Friedrich Golitsyn family Golitsyn, Vasily (Vasilyevich), Prince Gomulka, Wladyslaw Gonne, Maud (Edith) Gorbachev, Mikhail (Sergeyevich) Gorchakov, Aleksandr (Mikhailovich), Prince

Gordon, Lord George Gottwald, Klement Grégoire, Henri Grévy, (François-Paul-) Jules Grand Alliance, War of the Grandi, Dino, count di Mordano Grattan, Henry Graziani, Roldolfo, marquess di Neghelli Great Depression Great Fear Great Fire of London Great Plague of London Greco-Turkish Wars Greek Civil War Greek Independence, War of Greens, the Grenville, George Grey, Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey, Lady Jane Grey, Sir Edward, 3rd Baronet

Griffith, Arthur Gromyko, Andrey (Andreyevich) Guchkov, Aleksandr (Ivanovich) Guderian, Heinz (Wilhelm) Guesde, Jules Guild Socialism guillotine Guise, François de Lorraine, 2nd duke de Guise, Henri I de Lorraine, 3rd duke de Guise, Henri II de Lorraine, 5th duke de Guise, house of Gulag Gulbenkian, Calouste (Sarkis) Gunpowder Plot Gustav I Vasa Gustav II Adolf Gustav III Gustav IV Adolf Gustav V Hébert, Jacques (-René)

Hünkâr Iskelesi, Treaty of Haakon VII Haig, Douglas, 1st Earl Hakluyt, Richard Haldane (of Cloane), Richard Burdon, 1st Viscount Halifax, Edward Frederick Lindley Wood, 1st earl of Hamilton, Emma, Lady Hampden, John Hanotaux, (Albert-Auguste-) Gabriel Hanover, house of Hardenberg, Karl August, prince von Hardie, J(ames) Keir Harley, Robert, 1st earl of Oxford Harris, Sir Arthur Travers, 1st Baronet Hastings, Warren Haushofer, Karl (Ernst) Havel, Václav Hawkins, Sir John Healy, T(imothy) M(ichael) Heath, Sir Edward (Richard George)

Helvetic Republic Henlein, Konrad Henrietta Maria Henry II Henry III Henry IV Henry IV Henry VI Henry VIII Herriot, Édouard Herzen, Aleksandr (Ivanovich) Herzl, Theodor Hess, (Walter Richard) Rudolf Heuss, Theodor Heydrich, Reinhard (Tristan Eugen) High Commission, Court of Himmler, Heinrich Hindenburg, Paul von Hitler Youth Hitler, Adolf

Hoare, Sir Samuel (John Gurney), 2nd Baronet Hoare-Laval Pact Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, Chlodwig (Karl Viktor), prince zu Hohenzollern dynasty Holland (of Foxley and of Holland), Henry Richard Vassall Fox, 3rd Baron Holocaust Holstein, Friedrich (August) von Holy Alliance Holy League Holy Synod Home Rule, Irish Honecker, Erich Horthy Miklós (Nagybányai) Howard family Howard, John Winston Howe, Richard Howe, Earl Hoxha, Enver Hubertusburg, Peace of Hudson, Henry Hugenberg, Alfred

Huguenots Hume, John Hundred Days Hungarian Revolution Husak, Gustav Hyndman, Henry M(ayers) Ibárruri (Gómez), (Isidora) Dolores Ignatyev, Nikolay (Pavlovich), Count Imperial Conferences Industrial Revolution International Brigades Ireton, Henry Irish Potato Famine Irish Republican Army (IRA) Iron Curtain Isabella Farnese Isabella I Isabella II Ismay (of Wormington), Hastings Lionel Ismay, Baron Isonzo, Battles of the

Italian Liberal Party (PLI) Italian Popular Party (PPI) Italian Socialist Party (PSI) Italian Wars Italo-Turkish War Ivan IV Ivan V Ivan VI Izvolsky, Aleksandr (Petrovich), Count Jack the Ripper Jacobin Club Jacobite Jagiellon dynasty Jahn, Friedrich Ludwig James Edward, the Old Pretender James I James II James II James III Jane Seymour

Jaruzelski, Wojciech (Witold) Jassy, Treaty of Jaurès, (Auguste-Marie-Joseph-) Jean Jellicoe, John Rushworth Jellicoe, 1st Earl Jena and Auerstedt, Battles of Jenkins (of Hillhead), Roy (Harris) Jenkins, Baron Jenkins' Ear, War of Jiménez de Quesada, Gonzalo Joffre, Joseph (-Jacques-Césaire) John III Sobieski John Maurice of Nassau John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster Joséphine Joseph II Joseph, Father Jospin, Lionel Juan Carlos I Juan de Austria Juan José de Austria Juliana (Louise Emma Marie Wilhelmina)

July Days July Plot July Revolution June Days Jutland, Battle of Kádár János Károlyi, Mihály, Count Königgrätz, Battle of Küçük Kaynarca, Treaty of Kaganovich, Lazar (Moiseyevich) Kalinin, Mikhail (Ivanovich) Kamenev, Lev (Borisovich) Kapp Putsch Karadzic, Radovan Karadjordjevic dynasty Karamanlis, Konstantinos Kardelj, Edvard Katyn Massacre Kautsky, Karl Keitel, Wilhelm

Kerensky, Aleksandr (Fyodorovich) Kesselring, Albert Khmelnytsky, Bohdan (Zinoviy Mykhaylovych) Khrushchev, Nikita (Sergeyevich) Kidd, William Kiderlen-Wächter, Alfred von Kinnock, Neil (Gordon) Kirov, Sergey (Mironovich) Kit-Cat Club Kohl, Helmut Kolbe, Saint Maksymilian Maria Kolchak, Aleksandr (Vasilyevich) Kollontay, Aleksandra (Mikhaylovna) Konev, Ivan (Stepanovich) Kornilov, Lavr (Georgiyevich) Kosovo conflict Kosovo, Battle of Kossuth, Lajos Kosygin, Aleksey (Nikolayevich) Kristallnacht

Kronshtadt Rebellion Kropotkin, Peter (Alekseyevich) Krupskaya, Nadezhda (Konstantinovna) kulak Kulturkampf Kun, Béla Kuropatkin, Aleksey (Nikolayevich) Kursk, Battle of Kutuzov, Mikhail (Illarionovich), Prince Kuusinen, Otto V(ilhelm) Kuyper, Abraham La Harpe, Frédéric-César de Labour Party Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Laffitte, Jacques Laibach, Congress of Lamennais, (Hugues-) Félicité (-Robert de) Lancaster, house of Lansbury, George Lansdowne, Henry Charles Keith Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th marquess of

Largo Caballero, Francisco Lassalle, Ferdinand Lattre de Tassigny, Jean (-Marie-Gabriel) de Laud, William Lausanne, Treaty of Laval, Pierre Law, (Andrew) Bonar Law, John Le Pen, Jean-Marie League of Nations Lebrun, Albert Leclerc, Jacques-Philippe Ledru-Rollin, Alexandre-Auguste Legion of Honour Leicester, Robert Dudley, earl of Leipzig, Battle of Lenin, Vladimir (Ilich) Leningrad, Siege of Leopold I Leopold I

Leopold II Leopold II Leopold III Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, Prince Lepanto, Battle of Lesseps, Ferdinand (-Marie), viscount de lettre de cachet Leveler Liberal Party Liebknecht, Karl Liebknecht, Wilhelm Lilburne, John Liman von Sanders, Otto List, (Georg) Friedrich Little Entente Litvinov, Maksim (Maksimovich) Liverpool, Robert Banks Jenkinson, 2nd earl of Lloyd George of Dwyfor, David Lloyd George, Earl Loménie de Brienne, Étienne Charles de London Naval Conference

London, Treaty of Long Parliament Loris-Melikov, Mikhail (Tariyelovich), Count Louis I Louis II Louis XII Louis XIII Louis XIV Louis XV Louis XVI Louis XVII Louis XVIII Louis-Philippe Louvois, François-Michel Le Tellier, marquis de Luddite Ludendorff, Erich Lueger, Karl Lunacharsky, Anatoly (Vasilyevich) Lusitania Lvov, Georgy (Yevgenyevich), Prince

Mac-Mahon, (Marie-Edme-Patrice-) Maurice, count de MacBride, Seán MacDonald, (James) Ramsay Mackenzie, Alexander Macmillan, Harold Macquarie, Lachlan Mafia Magellan, Ferdinand Magenta, Battle of Maginot, André (-Louis-René) Magnus II Eriksson Maintenon, Françoise d'Aubigné, marchioness de Maistre, Joseph de Maitland (of Lethington), William Major, John Malenkov, Georgy (Maksimilianovich) Malesherbes, Chrétien Guillaume de Lamoignon de Malinovsky, Rodion (Yakovlevich) Manchester school Mancini family

Mandel, Georges Manin, Daniele Mannerheim, Carl Gustaf (Emil) Marat, Jean-Paul March Laws Marengo, Battle of Margaret of Angoulême Margaret of Austria Margaret of Parma Margaret of Scotland, Saint Margaret of Valois Margaret Tudor Maria Theresa Marie de Médicis Marie-Antoinette (-Josèphe-Jeanne d'Autriche-Lorraine) Marie-Louise Marlborough, John Churchill, 1st duke of Marlborough, Sarah Jennings, duchess of Marne, First Battle of the Marne, Second Battle of the

marquess Marston Moor, Battle of Martov, L. Mary I Mary II Mary, Queen of Scots Masaryk, Jan (Garrigue) Masaryk, Tomáš (Garrigue) Masséna, André, duke de Rivoli Mata Hari Matteotti, Giacomo Maurice of Nassau Maurras, Charles (-Marie-Photius) Maximilian I Maximilian I Maximilian II Maximilian II May Day Mazarin, Jules Cardinal Mazowiecki, Tadeusz

Mazzini, Giuseppe Medici family Medici, Alessandro de' Medici, Giovanni de' Medici, Giuliano de' Melbourne (of Kilmore), William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Memel dispute Mendès-France, Pierre Mengele, Josef Menshevik Menshikov, Aleksandr (Danilovich) Menzies, Sir Robert (Gordon) Merkel, Angela Metaxas, Ioannis Metternich (-Winneburg-Beilstein), Klemens (Wenzel Nepomuk Lothar), prince von MI5 Michael Mikolajczyk, Stanislaw Mikoyan, Anastas (Ivanovich) Milan Decree

Mill, James Millerand, Alexandre Miloševic, Slobodan Milyukov, Pavel (Nikolayevich) Mindszenty, József Mirabeau, Honoré-Gabriel Riqueti, count de Mitterrand, François (-Maurice-Marie) Mollet, Guy Molotov, Vyacheslav (Mikhaylovich) Moltke, Helmuth (Johannes Ludwig) von Moltke, Helmuth (Karl Bernhard), count von Monck, George, 1st duke of Albermarle Monmouth, James Scott, duke of Monnet, Jean Montagnard Montalembert, Charles (-Forbes-René), count de Montgomery (of Alamein), Bernard Law Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montmorency, Anne, duke de Montreux Convention Montrose, James Graham, 5th earl and 1st marquess of

More, Saint Thomas Morgan, Sir Henry Morley (of Blackburn), John Morley, Viscount Morny, Charles-Auguste-Louis-Joseph, duke de Moro, Aldo Moroccan crises Morton, James Douglas, 4th earl of Mosley, Sir Oswald (Ernald), 6th Baronet Mountbatten (of Burma), Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mukden Incident Murat, Joachim Mussolini, Benito (Amilcare Andrea) Nürnberg Laws Nürnberg Rallies Nürnberg trials Nagy, Imre Nansen, Fridtjof Nantes, Edict of Napoleon Napoleon II, duke von Reichstadt

Napoleon III Napoleonic Wars Narodnik Naseby, Battle of National Assembly National Convention National Liberal Party Navarino, Battle of Navigation Acts Nazi Party Necker, Jacques Nelson, Horatio Nelson, Viscount Nenni, Pietro (Sandro) Nesselrode, Karl (Robert Vasilyevich), Count Neuilly, Treaty of Neurath, Konstantin, baron von New Economic Policy (NEP) New Model Army Newcastle (-under-Lyme), Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st duke of Newcastle (-upon-Tyne), William Cavendish, 1st duke of

Ney, Michel, duke d'Elchingen Nicholas Nicholas I Nicholas II Niemöller, (Friedrich Gustav Emil) Martin Night of the Long Knives Nijmegen, Treaties of Nile, Battle of the Noel-Baker (of the City of Derby), Philip John Noel-Baker, Baron Norfolk, Thomas Howard, 2nd duke of Norfolk, Thomas Howard, 3rd duke of Norfolk, Thomas Howard, 4th duke of Normandy Campaign North (of Kirtling), Frederick, Lord North Africa campaigns North German Confederation Northampton, Henry Howard, earl of Northern War, First Northern War, Second Northumberland, John Dudley, duke of

Novara, Battle of O'Brien, William Smith O'Connell, Daniel O'Connor, Feargus Edward Oates, Titus Obrenovic dynasty October Manifesto Oder-Neisse Line Olaf V Oldenbarnevelt, Johan van Olmütz, Punctation of Orange, house of Ordzhonikidze, Grigory (Konstantinovich) Orléans, house of Orléans, Louis-Philippe-Joseph, duke d' Orlando, Vittorio Emanuele Orlov, Aleksey (Grigoryevich), Count Orlov, Grigory (Grigoryevich), Count Ormonde, James Butler, 12th earl and 1st duke of Ostpolitik

Owen, Robert Oxenstierna (af Södermöre), Axel (Gustafsson), Count Périer, Casimir (-Pierre) Pétain, (Henri-) Philippe Pašic, Nikola Paasikivi, Juho Kusti Paisley, Ian (Richard Kyle) Palacký, František Palme, (Sven) Olof (Joachim) Palmerston (of Palmerston), Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Pan-Germanism Pan-Slavism Pankhurst, Emmeline Paoli, Pasquale Papandreou, Andreas (Georgios) Papandreou, Georgios Papen, Franz von Paris Commune Paris Peace Conference Paris, Congress of

Paris, Treaty of Paris, Treaty of Paris, Treaty of Parliament Act of 1911 Parnell, Charles Stewart Paul Paulus, Friedrich Peasants' War Peel, Sir Robert, 2nd Baronet peerage Pelham, Henry Peninsular War Perceval, Spencer perestroika Peter I Peter I Peter II Peter II Peter III Peterloo Massacre

Peters, Carl Petition of Right Philby, Kim Philip II Philip III Philip IV Philip of Hesse Philip V Philip, duke of Edinburgh Phoenix Park murders Phony War Pilsudski, Józef (Klemens) Piccolomini (-Pieri), Ottavio Pilgrimage of Grace Pitt, William, the Elder Pitt, William, the Younger Pizarro, Gonzalo Plain, the Plehve, Vyacheslav (Konstantinovich) Plekhanov, Georgy (Valentinovich)

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