Umayyad dynasty

(661–750) First great Muslim dynasty. It was founded by Mu, who triumphed over the Prophet Muhammad's son-in-law, ', to become the fifth caliph. He moved the capital from Medina to Damascus and used the Syrian army to extend the Arab empire. The Umayyads' greatest period was under Abd al-Malik (r. 685–705), when their empire extended from Spain to Central Asia and India. Their decline began with a defeat by the Byzantine Empire in 717; intertribal feuding, discontent among non-Arab Muslim converts, and the failure of financial reforms eventually led to their unseating by the '. See also '; Ab; al-H.

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